Anatomy na babban inji
Tattaunawa tare da Manajan Injin Porsche Matthias Hofstätter game da sabon 911
911 motar mafarki ce ga mutane da yawa. Mun sake saduwa da shugaban sashen injuna na Porsche don ya gaya mana game da sauye-sauyen da ƙungiyoyin ci gaban kamfanin suka fuskanta yayin ƙirƙirar samfuri. Layukan da ke gaba an sadaukar da su ga fasahar sabuwar 992.
Janye ledar sakin murfin murfin akan injin na iya zama yaudara. Bayan kalle-kalle, za ka gane cewa abin da ya kamata ya zama abin rufewa shine ainihin panel wanda ya fi na baya, wanda a karkashinsa za ka iya ganin abin da ya yi kama da baho mai filastik tare da shigar da magoya baya biyu. Ayyukan su a bayyane yake, amma bayyanar su yana da wani tasiri - yana haifar da nau'i mai sanyaya iska tare da fan na tsakiya da ke kewaye da igiyoyi masu ƙarfin lantarki.
450. Wannan lambar tana nuna ƙarfin doki na sabon ƙarni 4 Carrera S da Carrera 992S 1986-lita bi-turbo-six-cylinder flat-959 engine kuma nan da nan ya haifar da wasu ƙungiyoyi - wannan 450 Super Porsche da ake kira 33, wanda kuma ya samar da 959 hp. . Tare da Kyakkyawan lokaci don kwatanta da bayyana ci gaban fasaha a fagen injunan konewa na ciki tare da iri ɗaya. Koyaya, idan shekaru XNUMX da suka gabata XNUMX ya kasance mafi girma kuma har ma da nau'ikan ikon fasaha, a yau injin da ke da irin wannan ƙarfin yana aiki da nau'ikan Carrera S da aka ambata, waɗanda ke ƙasa a cikin matsayi.
Hakanan kamannin mu ya kai ga ƙaura, wanda ke da kusanci sosai - 2848's 3cc da 959's 2981cc. Injin 3 babban fasaha ne na fasaha na gaskiya don lokacinsa, tare da hadaddun sanyaya. Ana sanyaya silinda ta hanyar fan mai ƙarfi, yayin da shugabannin suka dogara da tsarin sanyaya ruwa na 992L. Ba da gudummawa ga zubar da zafi, ba shakka, kamar yadda yake tare da duk injunan "iska" Porsche, akwai tsarin lubrication mai sanyaya mai wanda ba zai iya ɗaukar komai ba. ba zai wuce lita 959 na mai ba. Saboda haka, saboda tsarin gine-gine na samfurin tare da injin baya da kuma radiators na gaba, 25 yana kewaye da bututun da ke samar da tsarin rarrabawa na kowa.
A wannan girmamawa, kadan ya canza a yau. 911 Carrera 4S, wanda za'a iya ɗauka a matsayin dangi na kusa da 959 saboda watsawar biyu, bai dogara da fan mai ƙarfi ba, amma maimakon haka sai ya sanyaya ya riƙe lita 28,6 na ruwa, yayin da tsarin lubrication ke buƙatar lita 11,3. man shanu
Duk da haka, da gine-gine, wanda ya hada da wani a kwance tsari na shida cylinders, duk da haka, yana da wani muhimmin alama na kamance na biyu injuna - AMINCI. A haƙiƙa, wannan ya saba da duk kekunan dambe na kamfanin, waɗanda ba za su ɓad da garanti ba lokacin da aka tuƙa kan hanya. Don Porsche, hulɗar kayan aikin injin motsi, bi da bi da juzu'i a cikin yanki na zoben fistan, fistan, Silinda, da kuma a cikin ɓangarorin crankshaft da tsarin lokaci, koyaushe yana da mahimmanci.
Turbines na yanayi daban-daban
A cikin duka nau'ikan guda biyu, turbochargers suna a bangarorin biyu na bankunan Silinda, amma a cikin 959, an gina tsarin mai na cascade, wanda ya kasance farin hadiye a tarihin fasaha. Haɗuwa da ƙarami da babban turbocharger alama yana da jaraba kuma galibi ana amfani dashi a yau a cikin injunan dizal, amma bai dace da injunan mai ba - saboda ƙarancin iskar gas a ƙananan kaya da rpm, amma a yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi ba shi da inganci kamar yadda yake. hadedde daya. a cikin sassan alluran kai tsaye tare da babban matsi na injin injin jiragen ruwa tagwayen jet haɗe tare da tarkace da aka gina a cikin kawunansu. Idan ya cancanta, injina (Volvo) ko lantarki (Mercedes) compressors. Zuwa wani lokaci, dalilan da ke sama suna haifar da bambance-bambancen aiki tsakanin injinan 992 da 995. Kodayake, sabanin manyan turbocharged (har yanzu ƙarni na 991) nau'ikan turbocharged, injin Carrera 4S yana tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru tare da matsakaicin cika matsa lamba na 1,2. .530 mashaya, matsakaicin karfin juyi shine 2300 Nm a 450 rpm. Duk injina sun kai matsakaicin ƙarfin 6500 hp. a 500 rpm, amma duk da samun karamin turbocharger, matsakaicin karfin juyi daga 959 Nm zuwa 5500 yana samuwa ne kawai a…33 rpm. Wannan hakika bayyananni ne na ci gaban fasaha a cikin wadannan shekaru XNUMX.
Ingantaccen lissafi
Duk da haka, menene ya bayyana waɗannan bambance-bambance? Amsar ita ce haɗuwa da abubuwa da yawa na fasaha. 992 yana fa'ida daga tsarin gine-ginen injin "akwatin", tare da kowane banki na cylinders cike da turbocharger guda ɗaya. Dangane da haka, ana iya la'akari da shi azaman jimlar injunan silinda guda biyu guda uku, kuma sanannen abu ne cewa irin wannan injin ya dace da kayan aikin turbocharged saboda nisan nisan raƙuman bugun jini da kuma ƙarancin motsi. tsoma baki a tsakaninsu. A cikin injunan madaidaiciya guda shida, ana iya tura iskar gas daga kowane silinda guda uku zuwa wani injin turbine daban ko kuma zuwa wani nau'in turbine daban-daban, amma saboda nisa tsakanin bankunan silinda, mafita na farko ya rage a matsayin zaɓi na shida. - injunan damben silinda. tsari mai arha amma mara inganci tare da daya). A cikin cajin cascade na 959, kowane ɗayan silinda shida yana cajin kowane turbochargers lokacin da yake gudana.
Amma wannan kawai ɓangare ne na lissafi. Injin na 992 yana da bugun jini mai tsayi 9,4 mm (abin da ake buƙata don ƙimar ƙarfi), kamar yadda kayan fasaha na zamani ke ba da damar ƙarfafu masu ƙarfi lokacin da aka ƙara saurin piston daga 14,5 zuwa 16,6 m / s. ... Godiya ga allura kai tsaye (a cikin sabon ƙarni tare da allurar piezo don haɗuwa mai kyau), tsarin ƙonewa mai rikitarwa, sarrafa ƙwanƙwasawa da iska mai sanyaya sanyaya zuwa ƙananan zazzabi ta amfani da masu musayar zafin ruwa na zamani (wanda kuma yana taimakawa rage gajeren hanyar iska zuwa silinda), an ƙara matsayin matsewa zuwa 10,2: 1. Ta hanyar ƙara tsarin caji mai canzawa na VarioCam zuwa lissafin da ake la'akari da shi, wannan bambancin na aikin injiniya ya zama mafi haske.
Lokaci yayi da za'a canza ... kuma a dawo
Injin lita uku na Carrera baya da bambanci sosai da wanda ya gabace shi, amma kuma yana da matukar kyau idan aka kwatanta shi da mai bayarwa, an gabatar da shi kwanan nan a cikin 991. A ka'ida, karuwar iko da karfin juzu'i ta hanyar raka'a 30 (daga 420 zuwa 450 hp kuma daga 500 ). har zuwa 530 Nm) da alama za'a iya samun saukinsa tare da saitin software mai sauki. Mafi akasarin tsattsauran ra'ayi shine tunkarar kungiyar Matthias Hofstetter, shugaban sashen injin injin Porsche, wanda marubucin wannan layin ya sami damar ganawa a karo na biyu yayin gabatar da 992.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa da ba za ku samu a cikin kowane latsawa ba shine cewa sabon 911 an ƙirƙira shi ne azaman nau'in toshewa. Don yin wannan, an faɗaɗa waƙar gaba kuma a can, tsakanin ƙafafun gaba, yakamata a sami baturin lithium-ion. Sabbin watsa shirye-shiryen da aka haɓaka tare da clutches biyu da takwas maimakon gear bakwai yana da haɓaka girman gidaje tsakanin crankshaft da saiti biyu na clutches - kusan santimita takwas. Kamata ya yi ya ƙunshi “lantarki diski”, kamar yadda Hofstetter ya kira injin, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙirar diski. Ya zuwa yanzu yana da kyau, kuma a cikin ka'idar yana da kyau, musamman tun lokacin da aka canza tsakiyar nauyi a gaba da ƙasa zai sami tasiri mai amfani akan rarraba nauyin 911. A aikace, duk da haka, motar tana amsawa ga irin wannan sha'awar a cikin wani abu mai mahimmanci. hanya. Matthias Hofstetter ya ce: "Sifofin farko (samfurin) na 992 sun sami saurin haɓaka sosai," kuma sun haifar da jin daɗi a hannun dama. Duk da haka, ma'auni mai kyau na samfurin yana zuwa jahannama, kuma 911 ya zama maras tabbas kuma maras tabbas a cikin sasanninta. Hawan injuna a gaba tare da karfin jujjuyawar juzu'i na iya kashe gazawar zuwa wani matsayi, amma yana nufin komawa zuwa allon zane da manyan sabbin farashin ƙira. A kowane hali, an yi watsi da tsarin matasan injin guda ɗaya mafi sauƙi, an soke aikin ƙira mai mahimmanci, kuma 911 ya dawo kan hanya ba tare da wani mataimakan lantarki ba. Ƙoƙarin ƙara ƙarfin wuta da rage yawan amfani yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar injin, watsawa da aikin jiki.
A cikin sunan ƙãra iko, da sabon version na engine sanye take da ya fi girma turbochargers - uku millimeters (har zuwa 48 mm) da hudu millimeters (har zuwa 55 mm) ga turbine da kwampreso. Wannan ya ba da damar samun matsi na mashaya 1,2, duk da cikas da sabon tacewar diesel ya haifar. An kuma canza matsayin da aka matse na iskar zafi, yana motsawa daga wuraren da ke wajen bankunan silinda zuwa wani yanki a tsakiya da sama da injin. Wannan yana gajarta hanyar iska, yana inganta amsawar injin, kuma yana rage asarar famfo (wanda ke da wahalar cimmawa, galibi saboda ra'ayin mazan jiya na mutanen da ke cikin jirgin Porsche ga irin waɗannan canje-canjen ƙira). Sabuwar tsari ya kafa mataki don raguwar digiri na 10 a cikin iska mai sarrafa injin, kuma wannan, tare da injectors piezo wanda ke haifar da cakuda mai iska mai bakin ciki, yana ba da damar haɓakar matsawa ta rabi na raka'a zuwa 10,2: 1 ( lokaci ne mai kyau da za a ambaci cewa a cikin sunan hana preconditions don fashewa, 959 ta matsawa rabo ne kawai 8,3: 1). Bugu da ƙari, don daidaita hanyar iskar gas zuwa turbines, an canza kewayawa zuwa guda ɗaya ta hanyar motsawa daga kasa zuwa sama. Don haka, injin turbines suna juyawa ta wata hanya dabam idan aka duba su daga bayan abin hawa.
Ta amfani da tsarin VarioCam tare da bayanan martaba na camshaft daban-daban, injiniyoyin Porsche suna daidaita tafiyar bawul ɗin cin abinci biyu ta hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda ke da tafiye-tafiye na rariya daban-daban. Don haka, iska da ke shiga injin ya fara “juyawa”, yana haifar da tashin hankali, duka biyun a tsaye (abin da ake kira vortex) da kuma a kwance (somersault). Wannan yana taimakawa inganta ƙimar aikin ƙonewa, wanda gaban wuta ke motsawa cikin sauri kuma ƙonewa ya fi inganci. A cikakke kaya, bugun ya yi nasara saboda saurin iska ya isa sosai don irin wannan maganin ba lallai ba ne. Sakamakon haka, Hofstetter ya ce matakin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iskar gas ya ragu ƙwarai, tare da sakamakon cewa mai samar da kayan yanzu yana da sauran aiki kaɗan. Don haka, nisansa ya ƙaru zuwa fiye da kilomita dubu 300. Bugu da ƙari, saboda ƙananan zafin jiki na iskar gas, mai ƙirar abin da ake magana yanzu ba a yi shi da ƙarfe ba, amma simintin gyare-gyare ne, wanda, bi da bi, yana ba da damar rage juriya ga kwararar iskar gas kuma a cikin kansa yana ƙaruwa da inganci. Dukkanin “rukunin gine-ginen”, gami da matattara mai rarrabuwa tare da bawul din hadewa, ana buƙata don ƙirƙirar tsaran sauti 911 wanda babu kamarsa.
Aluminumarin aluminum a cikin lamarin
Rarrabawar sabuwa ce kwata-kwata, yanzu tana da giya takwas, wanda, saboda makircin tuki, ya zama na musamman da 911 kuma ba a amfani da shi a kowane samfurin alama ko damuwa. Kayan farko ya fi na baya baya, kuma na takwas ya fi na baya girma na bakwai. Sabbin kayan aikin kuma suna ba da damar tsawan karshe na ƙarshe, wanda ke haifar da injin da ya fi shuru kuma yana gudana a ƙananan saurin a babbar babbar hanyar.
Accuratearin ingantaccen watsa karfin juzu'i zuwa gaban goshi shine abin buƙata don ingantaccen halayyar abin hawa, kuma wannan ya faru ne saboda sabon ƙirar fasinjoji da yawa a gaban daban. Dukkanin rukunin suna sanyaya-ruwa, ingantattun fayafai da tserewa da sauri. Duk wannan ba kawai haɓaka ƙarfin kuzari yake yi ba, har ma da ƙetaren ƙetaren ƙasa na inji, misali, lokacin tuki a kan dusar ƙanƙara.
Kodayake galibi yana amfani da gine-ginen 992 na yanzu, a aikace ya canza sosai. Adadin ƙarfe a cikin wannan zane na "hada-hada" ya ragu daga kashi 63 zuwa 30 cikin ɗari. A waje, an maye gurbin manyan allunan ƙarfe na ƙarfe da na aluminium, ana buƙatar sabuwar hanya don gyara su. Halin (extruded aluminum) yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin ɓangaren tallafawa na jiki. A sakamakon haka, torsion juriya har ma ya fi kyau.
Ƙara zuwa ga fakitin ingancin gabaɗaya shine motsa jiki mai daidaitawa, ta yin amfani da dabaru daban-daban don jagorantar iska ta hanyar ɓarna na baya da cikin buɗewa a gaban ƙafafun gaba. Ƙarshen suna sanye take da bawuloli masu aiki waɗanda ke buɗewa dangane da buƙatun sassan sanyaya. Mai ɓarna na baya yana da wani rawar kuma, yana jagorantar iska lokacin da ake buƙata don haɓaka injin sanyaya kuma musamman ma masu haɗawa. Kuma, ba shakka, duk wannan dole ne mu ƙara musamman birki da shasi na Porsche, kazalika da karfin juyi vectoring da downhill tare da wani aiki anti-yi mashaya a kan raya gatari, kazalika da aiki raya dabaran tuƙi.
Rubutu: Georgy Kolev
2020-08-30
