Gwaji Madadin Tuki: PART 1 - Masana'antar Gas

A cikin 70s, Wilhelm Maybach yayi gwaji tare da zane daban-daban na injunan konewa na ciki, canza hanyoyin da tunani game da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don samar da sassan mutum. Yana yawan yin mamakin wanene daga cikin sanannun abubuwa masu ƙonewa wanda zai fi dacewa da amfani da injunan zafi.

A cikin 70s, Wilhelm Maybach yayi gwaji tare da zane daban-daban na injunan konewa na ciki, canza hanyoyin da tunani game da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don samar da sassan mutum. Yana yawan yin mamakin wanene daga cikin sanannun abubuwa masu ƙonewa wanda zai fi dacewa da amfani da injunan zafi.

A 1875, lokacin da ya kasance ma'aikaci na Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz, Wilhelm Maybach yanke shawarar gwada ko zai iya sarrafa na'urar gas a kan ruwa mai - mafi daidai, a kan fetur. Sai ya zo gare shi don duba abin da zai faru idan ya rufe zakara mai gas, maimakon haka ya ajiye wani zane da aka jika a cikin man fetur a gaban ma'ajin shan. Injin ba ya tsayawa, amma yana ci gaba da aiki har sai ya “tsotsi” duk ruwa daga nama. Wannan shi ne yadda aka haifi ra'ayin na farko improvised "carburetor", da kuma bayan da halittar mota, fetur ya zama babban man fetur.

Ina ba da wannan labarin ne domin tunatar da ku cewa kafin mai ya fito a matsayin madadin mai, injunan farko sun yi amfani da gas a matsayin mai. Sannan ya kasance game da amfani da (hasken) gas don haske, wanda aka samo ta hanyoyin da ba a san su ba a yau, amma ta hanyar sarrafa kwal. Injin, wanda Swiss Isaac de Rivak ya kirkira, na farko "wanda aka zaba" (wanda ba a matse shi ba) injiniyyar Ethylene Lenoir ta masana'antu tun daga 1862, da kuma madaidaicin rukunin daki hudu da Otto ya kirkira kadan kadan daga baya, yana aiki akan gas.

Anan ya zama dole a ambaci bambanci tsakanin iskar gas da iskar gas mai ruwa. Iskar iskar gas ta ƙunshi methane 70 zuwa 98%, sauran kuma iskar gas ɗin da ba su da ƙarfi kamar ethane, propane da butane, carbon monoxide da sauransu. Man fetur kuma yana ƙunshe da iskar gas daban-daban, amma ana fitar da waɗannan iskar ta hanyar ɓarke ​​​​kayan kashi ko kuma wasu matakai na gefe a cikin matatun. Filayen iskar gas sun bambanta sosai - iskar gas mai tsabta ko "bushe" (wato yana dauke da yawancin methane) da "rigar" (wanda ya ƙunshi methane, ethane, propane, wasu iskar gas masu nauyi, har ma da "man fetur" - ruwa mai haske, sassa masu mahimmanci). . Nau'in mai kuma sun bambanta, kuma yawan iskar gas a cikin su na iya zama ƙasa ko sama. Ana haɗa filayen sau da yawa - iskar gas ya tashi sama da mai kuma yana aiki azaman "gas cap". Abubuwan da ke tattare da "tafi" da babban filin mai sun hada da abubuwan da aka ambata a sama, da kuma nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, a alamance, "zubawa" cikin juna. Methane da ake amfani da shi azaman abin hawa "yana zuwa" daga iskar gas, kuma cakuda propane-butane da muka sani ya fito ne daga filayen iskar gas da kuma filayen mai. Kimanin kashi 6 cikin XNUMX na iskar gas da ake samarwa a duniya ana samun su ne daga ma'adinan kwal, wanda galibi ke tare da iskar gas.

Propane-butane ya bayyana a wurin a ɗan ɗan banbanci. A cikin 1911, wani abokin Amurka mai fushi da wani kamfanin mai ya umurci abokinsa, shahararren masanin chemist Dr. Snelling, don gano dalilan wannan abin al'ajabi. Dalilin fushin abokin ciniki shine abokin ciniki yana mamakin sanin cewa yanzu an cika rabin tankin gidan mai. Ford Ta ɓace ta hanyar da ba a sani ba a lokacin ɗan gajeren tafiya zuwa gidansa. Tanka ba ya fita daga ko'ina ... Bayan gwaje -gwaje da yawa, Dokta Snelling ya gano cewa dalilin asirin shine babban abun cikin iskar gas da butane a cikin man, kuma jim kaɗan bayan hakan ya haɓaka hanyoyin amfani na farko na narkewa su. Saboda waɗannan manyan nasarorin ne yanzu ake ɗaukar Dr. Snelling a matsayin "uba" na masana'antar.

Da yawa a baya, kimanin shekaru 3000 da suka gabata, makiyaya sun gano wani "maɓuɓɓugan ruwan bazara" a Dutsen Paranas na Girka. Daga baya, an gina haikalin da ginshiƙai masu walƙiya a wannan wurin "tsarkakakke", kuma almara Delphius ya karanta addu'o'insa a gaban babban sarki, wanda ya sa mutane su ji daɗin sulhu, tsoro da sha'awa. A yau, wasu daga cikin soyayyar sun ɓace saboda mun san cewa asalin harshen wutar shine methane (CH4) wanda yake gudana daga fasa duwatsun da ke haɗe da zurfin wuraren iskar gas. Akwai irin wannan gobara a wurare da yawa a Iraki, Iran da Azerbaijan da ke kusa da tekun Caspian, wadanda su ma suna konewa tsawon karnoni kuma an daɗe ana kiransu da "Harshen Wuta na Farisa."

Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Sinawa ma sun yi amfani da iskar gas daga gonaki, amma da manufa ta zahiri - don dumama manyan tukunyar jirgi da ruwan teku da kuma fitar da gishiri daga ciki. A cikin 1785, Burtaniya ta kirkiro hanyar samar da methane daga kwal (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin injunan konewa na farko na ciki), kuma a farkon karni na ashirin, masana kimiyyar Jamus Kekule da Stradonitz sun ba da izinin yin wani tsari na samar da mai mai nauyi daga gare ta.

A shekara ta 1881, William Hart ya hako rijiyar iskar gas ta farko a birnin Fredonia na Amurka. Hart ya kalli kumfa da ke tashi zuwa saman ruwan a cikin wani yanki na kusa na dogon lokaci kuma ya yanke shawarar tono rami daga ƙasa zuwa filin iskar gas. A cikin zurfin mita tara a kasa, ya kai ga wata jijiyar da iskar gas ta fito, wanda daga baya ya kama shi, kuma sabon kamfaninsa na Fredonia Gas Light Company ya zama majagaba a harkar iskar gas. To sai dai kuma duk da nasarar da Hart ya yi, iskar gas da ake amfani da shi a karni na XNUMX ana hako shi ne daga kwal ta hanyar da aka bayyana a sama - musamman saboda karancin fasahar samar da iskar gas daga gonaki.

Duk da haka, farkon samar da man fetur na kasuwanci ya kasance gaskiya a lokacin. Tarihinsu ya fara ne a Amurka a cikin 1859, kuma ra'ayin shine a yi amfani da man da aka hako don sarrafa kananzir don haskakawa da mai don injin tururi. Har ma a lokacin, mutane sun fuskanci mummunar tasirin iskar gas, wanda ya shafe shekaru dubbai a cikin duniya. Majagaba na rukunin Edwin Drake sun kusan mutu a lokacin da aka fara hakowa na farko a kusa da Titusville, Pennsylvania, sa’ad da iskar gas ta taso daga ɓarnar, wata ƙaƙƙarfar gobara ta tashi, wadda ta kwashe duka kayan aiki. A yau, ana amfani da filayen mai da iskar gas tare da tsarin matakai na musamman don toshe kwararar iskar gas mai konewa kyauta, amma gobara da fashewa ba sabon abu bane. Duk da haka, ana amfani da wannan iskar a yawancin lokuta a matsayin nau'in "famfo" wanda ke tura mai zuwa sama, kuma lokacin da karfinsa ya ragu, masu man fetur sun fara neman da kuma amfani da wasu hanyoyi don cire "black zinariya".

Duniyar gas din hydrocarbon

A shekara ta 1885, shekaru hudu bayan hako iskar gas na farko William Hart, wani Ba’amurke, Robert Bunsen, ya kirkiro wata na’ura wadda daga baya aka fi sani da “Bunsen burner”. Ƙirƙirar tana yin amfani da kashi da haɗuwa da iskar gas da iska a daidai gwargwado, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don konewa mai lafiya - wannan mai ƙonawa ne cewa a yau shine tushen nozzles na oxygen na zamani don murhu da kayan dumama. Ƙirƙirar Bunsen ta buɗe sabon damar yin amfani da iskar gas, amma duk da cewa an gina bututun iskar gas na farko tun a shekarar 1891, man shuɗi bai sami mahimmancin kasuwanci ba har sai yakin duniya na biyu.

A lokacin yakin ne aka samar da isassun ingantattun hanyoyin yanke da walda, wanda ya ba da damar gina bututun iskar gas mai aminci. An gina dubban kilomita daga cikinsu a Amurka bayan yakin, kuma an gina bututun mai daga Libya zuwa Italiya a cikin 60s. An kuma gano tarin iskar gas mai yawa a cikin Netherlands. Wadannan abubuwa guda biyu sun bayyana ingantattun ababen more rayuwa don amfani da iskar gas da ake matsawa (CNG) da kuma iskar gas (LPG) a matsayin man abin hawa a wadannan kasashe biyu. Babban mahimmancin dabarun da iskar gas ya fara samu an tabbatar da hakan ta wannan gaskiyar - lokacin da Reagan ya yanke shawarar lalata "Muguwar Daular" a cikin 80s, ya hana samar da kayan aikin fasaha na zamani don gina bututun iskar gas daga USSR zuwa Turai. Don rama buƙatun Turai, gina bututun iskar gas daga sashin Norway na Tekun Arewa zuwa babban yankin Turai yana haɓaka, kuma USSR tana rataye. A lokacin, fitar da iskar gas shi ne babban tushen samun kudin shiga ga Tarayyar Soviet, kuma tsananin karancin da aka samu sakamakon matakan Reagan nan da nan ya haifar da sanannun abubuwan tarihi na farkon shekarun 90.

A yau, Rasha mai mulkin demokraɗiyya ita ce babbar mai samar da iskar gas ga bukatun makamashin Jamus kuma babbar mai taka rawa a duniya a wannan fanni. Muhimmancin iskar gas ya fara girma bayan rikice-rikicen mai guda biyu na shekarun 70s, kuma a yau yana daya daga cikin manyan albarkatun makamashi na mahimmancin yanayin kasa. A halin yanzu, iskar gas shi ne mafi arha man fetur don dumama, ana amfani da shi azaman abincin abinci a masana'antar sinadarai, don samar da wutar lantarki, don kayan aikin gida, kuma ana iya samun "dan uwan" propane a cikin kwalabe na deodorant a matsayin wari. maimakon ozone-depleting fluorine mahadi. Yawan amfani da iskar gas na ci gaba da karuwa, kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na bututun iskar gas na karuwa. Dangane da abubuwan more rayuwa da aka gina zuwa yanzu don amfani da wannan man a cikin motoci, komai ya yi nisa.

Mun riga mun ba da labarin irin bakon shawarar da Japanawa suka yi wajen samar da man da ake bukata da karancin man fetur a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, sannan kuma mun ambaci shirin samar da iskar gas a Jamus. Duk da haka, ba a san kadan ba game da gaskiyar cewa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata a Jamus akwai motoci na gaske da ke gudana akan ... itace! A wannan yanayin, wannan ba komawa zuwa injin tururi mai kyau ba ne, amma injunan konewa na ciki, waɗanda aka ƙera da farko a kan mai. A gaskiya ma, ra'ayin ba shi da wahala sosai, amma yana buƙatar yin amfani da tsarin samar da iskar gas mai girma, mai nauyi da haɗari. Ana sanya gawayi, gawayi ko itace kawai a cikin wata masana'anta ta musamman kuma ba ta da sarkakiya sosai. A kasan sa, suna ƙonewa a cikin rashin iskar oxygen, kuma a yanayin zafi da zafi, ana fitar da iskar gas mai dauke da carbon monoxide, hydrogen da methane. Daga nan sai a sanyaya, tsaftacewa, da ciyar da mai fan a cikin ma'ajin da injin ke amfani da shi azaman mai. Tabbas, direbobin waɗannan injunan sun yi ayyuka masu sarƙaƙƙiya da wahala na ma'aikatan kashe gobara - dole ne a yi cajin tukunyar jirgi lokaci-lokaci tare da tsaftace su, kuma injinan shan sigari sun yi kama da na'urorin motsa jiki.

A yau aikin hako iskar gas na bukatar wasu fasahohin zamani masu inganci a duniya, kuma hakar iskar gas da mai na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da kimiyya da fasaha ke fuskanta. Wannan gaskiyar gaskiya ce musamman a Amurka, inda ake amfani da hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba don "tsotsa" iskar gas da aka bari a cikin tsofaffi ko filayen da aka watsar, da kuma fitar da abin da ake kira "tsatse" gas. A cewar masana kimiyya, yanzu za a dauki nauyin hakowa sau biyu don samar da iskar gas a matakin fasaha a shekarar 1985. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su sun karu sosai, kuma an rage nauyin kayan aiki da 75%. Ana amfani da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta masu haɓakawa don nazarin bayanai daga na'urori masu yawa, fasahar girgizar ƙasa da tauraron dan adam Laser, wanda daga ciki aka ƙirƙiri taswirar na'ura mai girma uku na tafki. Har ila yau, an ƙirƙiri abubuwan da ake kira 4D hotuna, godiya ga abin da zai yiwu a iya ganin siffofi da motsi na adibas a kan lokaci. Duk da haka, kayan aikin zamani sun rage don samar da iskar gas a cikin teku - kaso ne kawai na ci gaban ɗan adam a wannan fanni - tsarin sakawa a duniya don hakowa, hakowa mai zurfi, bututun ƙasan teku, da tsarin share ruwa. carbon monoxide da yashi.

Tace mai don samar da man fetur mai inganci aiki ne mai rikitarwa fiye da tace iskar gas. A gefe guda kuma, jigilar iskar gas ta ruwa ya fi tsada da tsada. Tankunan LPG suna da rikitarwa sosai a ƙira, amma masu ɗaukar LNG halitta ce mai ban sha'awa. Butane liquefies a -2 digiri, yayin da propane liquefies a -42 digiri ko in mun gwada da low matsa lamba. Duk da haka, yana ɗaukar -165 digiri don liquefy methane! Saboda haka, gina tankunan LPG yana buƙatar tashoshi masu sauƙi masu sauƙi fiye da iskar gas da tankunan da aka tsara don jure wa matsanancin matsin lamba na mashaya 20-25. Sabanin haka, tankunan dakon iskar gas masu ruwa da tsaki suna sanye da tsarin sanyaya ci gaba da kuma tankunan da ke da rufin asiri - a zahiri, waɗannan colossi sune manyan firji na cryogenic a duniya. Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na iskar gas ya sami damar "bar" waɗannan kayan aiki, amma wani tsarin nan da nan ya kama shi ya ciyar da shi a cikin silinda na injin jirgin.

Don dalilan da ke sama, yana da sauƙin fahimtar cewa a cikin 1927 fasahar ta ba da damar tankuna na propane-butane na farko don tsira. Wannan shi ne aikin Shell Dutch-Ingilishi, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance babban kamfani. Maigidanta Kessler mutum ne mai ci gaba kuma kwararre ne wanda ya dade yana mafarkin amfani da shi ta wata hanya yawan iskar gas wanda ya zuwa yanzu ya shiga sararin samaniya ko kuma ya kone a matatun mai. A kan ra'ayinsa da yunƙurinsa, an ƙirƙiri jirgin ruwa na farko na teku mai ɗaukar nauyin tan 4700 don jigilar iskar gas mai kama da kyan gani da girma sama da tankunan bene.

Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin shekaru talatin da biyu don gina jirgin farko na Methane Pioneer methane, wanda kamfanin gas Constock International Methane Limited ya gina. Shell, wanda ya riga ya sami kwanciyar hankali don samarwa da rarraba LPG, ya sayi wannan kamfani, kuma nan da nan an sake gina wasu manyan tankuna biyu - Shell ya fara haɓaka kasuwancin iskar gas. Lokacin da mazauna tsibirin Conway na Ingila, inda kamfanin ke gina wuraren ajiyar methane, sun gane ainihin abin da aka adana da kuma jigilar su zuwa tsibirin su, sun firgita da tsoro, suna tunanin (kuma daidai) cewa jiragen ruwa ne kawai manyan bama-bamai. Sa'an nan matsalar tsaro ta kasance da gaske, amma a yau motocin dakon mai don jigilar methane mai ruwa da tsaki suna da aminci sosai kuma ba kawai ɗaya daga cikin mafi aminci ba, har ma ɗaya daga cikin tasoshin ruwa mafi aminci ga muhalli - wanda ba zai misaltu ba ga muhalli fiye da tankunan mai. Babban abokin cinikin jiragen dakon mai shi ne kasar Japan, wacce a zahiri ba ta da makamashin cikin gida, kuma aikin gina bututun iskar gas zuwa tsibirin abu ne mai matukar wahala. Japan kuma tana da "parking" mafi girma na motocin gas. Manyan masu samar da iskar gas (LNG) a yau sune Amurka, Oman da Qatar, Kanada.

Kwanan nan, kasuwancin samar da ruwa mai ruwa daga iskar gas ya zama sananne. Wannan man diesel ne mai tsafta da aka haƙa daga methane, kuma ana sa ran wannan masana'antar za ta haɓaka cikin hanzari a nan gaba. Misali, manufofin makamashi na Bush na buƙatar amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi na gida, kuma Alaska na da tarin iskar gas. Wadannan matakai suna motsa su ta hanyar farashin mai mai yawa, wanda ke haifar da abubuwan da ake bukata don bunkasa fasaha masu tsada - GTL (Gas-to-Liquids) ɗaya daga cikinsu.

Ainihin, GTL ba sabuwar fasaha ba ce. Masana kimiyyar Jamus Franz Fischer da Hans Tropsch ne suka ƙirƙira shi a cikin 20s, waɗanda aka ambata a cikin batutuwan da suka gabata a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinsu na roba. Koyaya, ya bambanta da iskar hydrogenation mai lalata kwal, hanyoyin haɗa ƙwayoyin haske zuwa dogon ɗari yana faruwa anan. Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance tana samar da irin wannan man a ma'aunin masana'antu tun shekarun 50. Koyaya, sha'awar su ta haɓaka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don neman sabbin damammaki don rage hayakin mai mai cutarwa a Amurka. Manyan kamfanonin mai irin su BP, ChevronTexaco, Conoco, ExxonMobil, Rentech, Sasol da Royal Dutch/Shell suna kashe makudan kudade wajen bunkasa fasahohin da ke da alaka da GTL, kuma sakamakon wadannan ci gaba, ana kara tattaunawa kan batutuwan siyasa da zamantakewa a cikin fuskar karfafawa. haraji kan masu amfani da mai mai tsafta. Wadannan man fetur din za su ba da dama ga masu amfani da man dizal su maye gurbinsa da mafi kyawun muhalli kuma zai rage farashin da kamfanonin motoci ke kashewa don saduwa da sabbin matakan hayaki mai cutarwa da doka ta tsara. Gwajin zurfafa na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa man fetur na GTL yana rage carbon monoxide da kashi 90%, hydrocarbons da kashi 63% da soot da kashi 23% ba tare da buƙatar matatun dizal ba. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin ƙananan sulfur na wannan man fetur yana ba da damar yin amfani da ƙarin abubuwan da za su iya kara rage yawan hayaki.

Babban fa'idar amfani da man GTL shine cewa ana iya amfani dashi kai tsaye a cikin injunan dizal ba tare da wani gyare-gyare ga sassan ba. Hakanan za'a iya cakuda su da mai wanda ya ƙunshi sulfur 30 zuwa 60 ppm. Ba kamar iskar gas da gas ɗin gas ba, babu buƙatar canza kayan aikin jigilar kayayyaki don jigilar mai. A cewar Shugaban Rentech Denis Yakubson, wannan nau'ikan man na iya taimakawa matattara mai kyau na tattalin arziki na injunan dizal, kuma a halin yanzu kamfanin na Shell yana gina katafaren kamfanin shuka dala biliyan 22,3 a Qatar tare da karfin kera lita miliyan XNUMX na mai na roba a kowace rana. ... Babbar matsala tare da waɗannan man sun samo asali ne daga babban saka hannun jari da ake buƙata a cikin sabbin kayan aiki da kuma tsarin samar da tsada.

Biogas

Duk da haka, tushen methane ba ma'adinan karkashin kasa kadai ba ne. A shekara ta 1808 Humphry Davy ya yi gwajin bambaro da aka sanya a cikin vacuum retort kuma ya samar da iskar gas mai dauke da methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen da nitrogen. Daniel Defoe kuma yayi magana game da biogas a cikin littafinsa game da "tsibirin da ya ɓace". Duk da haka, tarihin wannan ra'ayin ya ma tsufa - a cikin karni na 1776 Jan Baptita Van Helmont ya yi imanin cewa za a iya samun iskar gas mai ƙonewa daga bazuwar kwayoyin halitta, kuma Count Alexander Volta (wanda ya kirkiro baturi) ya zo ga irin wannan shawarar. a shekara ta 1859. Kamfanin samar da iskar gas na farko ya fara aiki a Bombay kuma an kafa shi ne a shekarar da Edwin Drake ya samar da aikin hako mai na farko. Wani shuka a Indiya yana sarrafa najasa yana samar da iskar gas don fitulun titi.

Zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin a fahimci sosai kuma a yi nazari sosai a kan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan ya yiwu ne kawai a cikin shekaru 30 na karni na XX kuma sakamakon tsalle ne a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin halittu. Ya bayyana cewa wannan tsarin yana faruwa ne daga ƙwayoyin cuta na anaerobic, waɗanda sune ɗayan tsofaffin sifofin rayuwa a Duniya. Suna "niƙa" kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin anaerobic (bazuwar aerobic yana buƙatar oxygen mai yawa kuma yana haifar da zafi). Irin waɗannan matakan suna faruwa ne ta yanayi a cikin fadama, fadama, filayen paddy, lagoons da aka rufe, da dai sauransu.

Tsarin samar da iskar gas na zamani na samun karbuwa a wasu kasashe, kuma kasar Sweden ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da iskar gas da kuma motocin da suka dace da su. Ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar suna amfani da na'urori masu mahimmanci na musamman, masu rahusa da na'urori masu sauƙi waɗanda ke haifar da yanayi mai dacewa ga kwayoyin cuta, wanda, dangane da nau'in su, "aiki" mafi inganci a yanayin zafi daga digiri 40 zuwa 60. Kayayyakin ƙarshen tsire-tsire na biogas, baya ga iskar gas, kuma sun ƙunshi mahadi masu wadata a ammonia, phosphorus da sauran abubuwan da suka dace don amfani da su a cikin aikin gona azaman takin ƙasa.