Gwajin gwajin shekaru 80 na samar da motar BMW

Tarihin tsarin kafuwar kamfanin Bavaria BMW Ingantaccen ƙarfin aiki.

Irƙirar motocin BMW ya fara shekaru 80 da suka gabata lokacin da aka fara gabatar da DA 3 tare da 15/2 hp, wanda ya shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin Dixi. Koda a wannan lokacin, mahimmin ƙa'idar BMW a cikin haɓaka da kera motoci ya kasance ingantaccen haɓaka haɗe da kyakkyawan yanayi. Ka'ida wacce ta tabbatar da nasara sosai a tarihin kamfanin kuma ta tallafawa asalin alamar. Tushen BMW EfficienDynamics haka aka shimfida shi shekaru 80 da suka gabata. Babbar dabarun ta hada da sabbin abubuwa da dama da nufin rage amfani da mai da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi yayin ci gaba ko kara karfi da kuzari, godiya ga abin da BMW ke kirkira da aiwatar da wasu fasahar zamani wadanda ke kafa sabbin ka'idoji a masana'antar kera motoci.

Начало

Littattafan talla a cikin latsa a ranar 9 ga Yuli 1929 sun sanar da jama'a cewa BMW ya riga ya kasance mai kera mota. Daren da ya gabata, wasu 'yan sa'a, da aka gayyata zuwa sabon dakin wasan kwaikwayo na BMW a tsakiyar Berlin, sun sami dama ta farko don sha'awar wata karamar mota mai suna 3/15 PS DA 2, haruffa biyu na ƙarshe sune taƙaitaccen Deutsche Ausführung, ko "Gyara Jamus". Ba da da ewa ba, na farko mota na BMW iri ya zama sananne kuma har yau ya kasance almara kamar Dixi.

Mota ta farko ta tashi daga layin taron a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1929 a tashar BMW kusa da tsohon filin jirgin saman Berlin-Johannisthol. Wannan shine farkon wani abu sama da kera motocin BMW. Duk da yake Dixi ya dogara ne akan samfurin da yake da shi tare da ɓangarori da abubuwan haɗin da aka riga aka samar, babu shakka wannan motar tana ɗauke da salon BMW na yau da kullun: tun daga farko, inganci da kuzarin aiki sune mahimmancin kamfanin kuma sune ainihin asalin asalin kamfanin. alama. Ya zuwa yanzu, an san BMW don samar da samfuran tattalin arziki da inganci masu yawa kamar injunan jirgin sama da babura.

Kafin BMW ya sanya tambarin farar da shuɗi na alamar a kan grille na Dixi, an sabunta motar da fasaha ta hanyar fasaha da aka yi da ƙarfe gabaɗaya a matsayin babban fasalinta. Sakamakon haka, motar BMW 3/15 ta lashe gasar tseren tsaunuka ta kasa da kasa a farkon shigarta a shekara ta 1929, inda ta yi nasarar kammala dukkan doguwar tafiya a tsaunukan Alps yayin wani rangadin da ya dauki tsawon kwanaki biyar.

Baya ga dogaro, Dixi yana jan hankalin masu amfani da yanayin tattalin arziƙin sa da ƙarancin farashi: cinye lita shida na mai kawai, Dixi ya fi tattalin arziƙi fiye da layin dogo, kuma masu siye za su iya biyan 2 Reichsmarks don ƙirar tushe a cikin kashi -kashi. Don haka, BMW ya zama mai rahusa fiye da irinsa Hanomag kuma ya yi gasa tare da mai siyar da lokacin. Opel tree frog.

Fasahar VANOS a cikin 1938

Mataki-mataki, injiniyoyin BMW sun kammala fasahar su tsawon shekaru don haɓaka ingantaccen aiki da aiki, suna ba da babbar fa'ida akan masu fafatawa. Misali, can baya a 1930, BMW yayi bincike akan lokaci mai canzawa kuma ya sami lasisi na farko na wannan fasahar a 1938/39.

Samfuran injin Aero na BMW 802 suna sanye da fasaha wanda har ma a yau, ta hanyar dabi'a sun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma, yana kula da mafi girman ingancin duk injunan gas na BMW - Twin VANOS. A cikin injin jirgin BMW mai ƙarfin doki 2, abubuwan sha da shaye-shaye ana sarrafa su ta fayafai masu haƙori tare da saitunan daidaitacce yayin aiki.

A cikin 1940, BMW ya fara gabatar da wani maɓalli mai mahimmanci kuma mahimmin mahimmanci na Ingantattun Dynamics, amfani da kayan nauyi. BMW 328 Kamm Racing Coupé misali ne na musamman na mafi kyawun aikin BMW 328 a cikin motsa jiki. Tubular frame na mota an yi shi da ultra-light gami da nauyi 32 kg. Tare da jikin aluminium da injin silinda shida, nauyin shingen abin hawa shine kilogiram 760 kawai. Kyawawan fasahar aerodynamics, kamar yadda Wunibald Kamm, ɗaya daga cikin majagaba a wannan fanni ya misalta, yana ba motar ƙimar ja da kusan 0.27. Wannan, tare da ikon 136 hp. Injin mai lita biyu yana ba da saurin gudu na 230 km / h.

BMW ya sake komawa wannan ra'ayin bayan yaƙin, yana bin falsafa ɗaya a cikin 1971 a cikin BMW 700 RS. Wannan sabuwar motar tseren ta ƙunshi fasalin nauyi mara nauyi, ingantaccen firam ɗin tubular da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar aluminum.

Motar tsere tana da nauyin kilogiram 630 gami da kayan ciki, wanda ba matsala ga injin da aka keɓance musamman don wannan ƙirar: silinda biyu tare da 70 hp. ƙauye da ƙimar aiki 0.7 l. Lita lita 100 HP s./l, gagarumar nasara a yau, godiya ta inda babban gudu ya kai kilomita 160 / h. Tare da babban ɗan tseren nan na Jamus Hans Stuck a bayan motar BMW 700 RS, ya sami nasarori da yawa a tseren tsaunuka daban-daban.

1968: BMW injin-silinda shida

A cikin 1968, bayan nasarar ban mamaki na sabon layin motocinsa da samfura na 02, BMW ya ci gaba da al'adun 1930s ta hanyar haɓaka injina masu ƙarfin siliki shida masu ƙarfi. Hakanan shine farkon halarta na BMW 2500 da 2800, wanda kamfanin ke komawa zuwa babbar kasuwar mota a cikin sigar sedan da kujeru.

Injinan, kwatankwacinsu a cikin sifofin biyu, ana kusantar da su a 30 °, samarda wutar ya isa crankshaft, yayi tafiya a kalla sau bakwai, kuma ya hada da counterweights goma sha biyu don sassaucin mara tsawa, wanda aka kara inganta ta wani camshaft na sama.

Ɗayan sabbin sabbin fasahohi na waɗannan ƙira biyu, iri ɗaya a cikin halayen ƙirar su, ɗakin konewa ne mai jujjuyawar juzu'i sau uku wanda ke hulɗa da pistons na ƙirar da ta dace. Daidaitaccen tsari yana ba da garantin ingantacciyar hanyar konewa, a cikin wannan yanayin yana ba da ƙarin ƙarfi yayin adana mai: injin mai lita 2.5 yana ba da matsakaicin fitarwa na 150 hp. s., 2.8 l - ban sha'awa ko da 170 l. Tare da kawai isa ya ba da garantin BMW 2800 wuri a cikin keɓantaccen rukunin motoci tare da babban gudun kilomita 200. Dukansu samfuran sun kasance kusan ba za a iya doke su ba, kuma injunan silinda shida na BMW sun kafa ma'auni na haɓaka injin don shekaru masu zuwa.

Babban gudumawa ga wannan fifiko ana yin ta motar tsere tare da fa'idodin EfficientDynamics na wannan lokacin, BMW 1971 CSL da aka gina a cikin 3.0. Har ila yau, ƙira mai sauƙi mai hankali yana sa wannan samfurin na ban mamaki ya fi ƙarfin gaske, yayin da ingantacciyar iska kuma tana taimakawa haɓaka aikin injin. Halayen irin wannan nau'in haske, mai ƙarfi da saurin juyin halitta ya sa ya kasance ba za a iya kwatanta shi ba tsawon shekaru, kuma BMW ya yi nasara duka sai ɗaya daga cikin gasar motocin fasinja ta Turai tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1979.

Wasannin Olympics 1972: BMW motar lantarki

A farkon shekarun 70s, masu zanen BMW sun mai da hankali ga fiye da kawai manyan cigaba a cikin motar motsa jiki. Wasannin Gasar Olympics na 1972 shine farkon farkon bincike mai zurfi game da fasahar motar lantarki. Wani ƙaramin rukunin motocin lemu BMW 1602 masu ɗoki, wanda ke amfani da batirin lantarki, ya zama alama ce ta Wasannin Munich. A cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa, BMW yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin duniya a cikin motocin lantarki.

Bayan shekara guda kawai, BMW ta sake buɗe wani sabon samfurin, sanye take da ingantattun fasahohi na lokacinta: BMW 2002 Turbo ta zama motar ƙera kayan aiki ta farko a Turai da aka keɓance da injin turbocharged. Wannan yana ba BMW babban matsayi a cikin fasahar turbocharging a cikin jerin samfuran da kuma tashar motsa jiki.

BMW mataki na gaba cikin ƙwarewa shine BMW M1978 a Shekara ta 1. Wannan babbar motar motsa jiki tare da fasahar bawul guda huɗu tana nuna sabon mataki a cikin inganta silinda. BMW ta fara amfani da wannan fasaha cikin nasara a cikin tashar motsa jiki a ƙarshen 60s kuma ta canza shi zuwa jerin samarwa shekaru goma daga baya. Daga baya aka ɗauke fasahar ɗaukar silinda da aka inganta zuwa wasu nau'ikan BMW kamar M635CSi, M5 da M3.

A cikin 1979, fasahar dijital ta taimaka don samun haɓaka mafi girma a karon farko albarkacin sarrafa injin injin dijital a cikin BMW 732i. Wannan haɓakawa an ƙara haɓaka ta atomatik rage amfani da mai ta rage rage mai zuwa sifili a yanayin amfani da mai. Don haka, masana'antar kera motoci ta shiga wani sabon salo na cigaban fasaha, kuma BMW na zama majagaba a fagen kayan kera motoci.

BMW a ko da yaushe yana mai da hankali sosai kan muhimmiyar rawar da direba ke takawa wajen inganta ingantaccen motar. A saboda wannan dalili, a cikin 1981, an gabatar da wani nasara a fannin lantarki - na'urar firikwensin matakin man fetur na farko a duniya, wanda aka sanye da jerin BMW na biyar. Wannan sabon nuni ya ja hankalin direban kan yadda ake amfani da mai, yana nuna musu karara yadda za su iya tuki ta fuskar tattalin arziki. A halin yanzu, alamar amfani da mai tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin mahallin dabarun BMW EfficientDynamics.

BMW 524td: ginshiƙin fasahar dizal

Shawarwarin BMW na shiga kasuwar dizal shine ɗayan juyin juya hali a tarihin kamfanin. Wani sabon ƙarni na injina yana nuna wannan gagarumar nasarar.

BMW 524td, wanda aka gabatar a watan Yuni 1983, sanye take da injin dizal wanda ya haɗu da fa'idodin fasahar dizal tare da halayen BMW - ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwarewa da ingantaccen aiki. Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar injin turbo-dizal BMW, wanda aka ƙera shi daga raka'a a cikin layin da ke da silinda shida wanda ke jere daga lita 2.0 zuwa 2.7.

Ta amfani da fasahar turbocharging da babban ci da shaye-shaye na injin lita 2.4, injiniyoyin BMW sun haɓaka aikin zuwa ƙimar 115 mai ban mamaki. A lokaci guda, tsarin ƙonewa a cikin mahaɗan mahaɗan yana ƙaruwa zuwa maɗaukakan matakai, yana ba da kyakkyawan tushe don rage yawan amfani da mai da ƙarar ƙonewa. Dangane da ma'aunin DIN, BMW turbodiesel ta zamani tana amfani da 7.1 l / 100 km, duk da cewa babbar motar tana gudun kilomita 180 / h kuma hanzarin daga 0 zuwa 100 km / h yana gudana cikin sakan 12.9.

Kyakkyawan ra'ayi na musamman: injin eta

Wani sabon ra'ayi da BMW ya bullo da shi, a wannan karon a fannin injinan mai, shi ne eta. Wannan fasahar BMW ta yi amfani da ita tun lokacin kaka 1981 a cikin BMW 528e da aka sayar a kasuwar Amurka. A cikin bazara na 1983, wannan samfurin ya biyo baya da BMW 525e da aka haɓaka don Jamus, kuma a cikin 1985 an gabatar da BMW 325e zuwa kasuwar Turai.

Harafin "e" yana tsaye ga wannan, alama ce ta inganci. Tabbas, ana inganta injin mai-lita shida-lita shida ba tare da daidaitawa don aiki da tattalin arziki ba. Yana cin kilomita 2.7 / 8.4 km kawai, kodayake ƙarfin injin yana 100 hp. A wannan lokacin, ana ɗaukar irin wannan ƙaramin amfani da mai tare da injin mai ƙarfi shida-cylinder a matsayin ainihin abin mamaki. Tunanin injin mai karfi wanda ke da karancin amfani da makamashi ya kasance baƙon abu a cikin Turai a lokacin kuma ya kasance na musamman a yau.

A farkon 80s, BMW shima ya fara kera motar hydrogen, yana kan gaba a wannan fannin. Tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Fasahar Sararin Samaniya ta Jamus da Gwaji, ya gina samfuran gwaji da yawa har zuwa 1984. Wata irin wannan motar ita ce BMW 745i Hydrogen.

BMW yana tallafawa koyaushe da haɓaka tsarin ci gaba, ƙirƙirar sifofin gwaji na BMW 7 akan hydrogen ga dukkan tsararrakin abin hawa.

Rage ja a yayin tuƙi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da haɓakar motoci biyu na BMW a ƙarshen 80s. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan samfuran shine BMW Z1, misali na gaskiya na ƙirƙira da fasaha mai zurfi, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1988 kuma sananne ba kawai don ƙarancin nauyinsa ba saboda jikinsa da aka yi da kayan roba na musamman, amma kuma don ƙimarsa na 0.36.

Wani misali na sabon ma'auni a cikin aerodynamics shi ne BMW 850i Coupé da aka gabatar a shekara guda. Duk da filaye masu ƙarfi don injin silinda goma sha biyu, wannan ƙaƙƙarfan coupe yana da madaidaicin juzu'i na daidai 0.29. Wannan yana yiwuwa godiya ga yawancin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na iska a cikin ƙirar motar, irin su madubai na waje, waɗanda aka tsara su a hankali ba tare da wani tasiri ba akan juriya na iska.

A 1991, BMW ya dawo kan batun abin hawa na lantarki, yana nuna abin da aka cimma a wannan yankin da BMW E1. Wani ɓangare na duniyar zamani, wannan motar hawa ta farko mai cikakken lantarki tana ba da wadataccen wuri don fasinjoji huɗu da kayansu.

A cikin layi tare da ra'ayi na yin amfani da kayan nauyi, jiki an yi shi ne daga haɗuwa da bayanan martaba na aluminum da aka cire tare da filastik da aluminum cladding. Makasudin wannan abin hawa na musamman shine don samun jin daɗin tuƙi na BMW ta amfani da fasahar zamani. An cim ma hakan da ban sha'awa yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa ikon BMW na haɓaka madadin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki yana da ƙima da ƙarfi kamar haɓakar injin na yau da kullun.

A cikin 1992, BMW ya gabatar da tsarin sarrafa bawul daban-daban, BMW VANOS a cikin M3. An inganta wutar lantarki da karfin wuta, da kuma tattalin arzikin man fetur da sarrafa hayaki. A shekara ta 1992, an haɗa VANOS azaman haɓakawa na zaɓi ga injunan silinda shida na BMW, wanda aka maye gurbinsa a 1995 ta VANOS tagwaye, wanda kuma aka gabatar da shi zuwa injin BMW V1998 daga '8.

1995: BMW XNUMX Series da Fasaha Nauyin Fasaha

A cikin 1995, ƙarni na gaba BMW 5 sun shiga kasuwa azaman farkon bayyana ma'anar ƙirar nauyi mai hankali. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka fara kera abin hawa a duniya wanda aka kera shi da chassis da dakatarwa wanda aka kera shi da allurar haske, yana rage nauyin motar baki daya da kimanin kashi 30%.

Dukkanin injunan aluminium suma kilo 30 ne. Ya fi sauƙi fiye da da, saboda haka rage girman gefen BMW 523i da 1 kg. a kilogiram 525.

A cikin wannan shekarar, BMW kuma ta gabatar da nau'ikan 316g da 518g, motocin gas na farko a cikin Turai don shiga jerin samarwa. Fasahar injiniyan madadin ta taimaka rage hayakin CO2 da kimanin kashi 20% da kuma samuwar gurɓataccen hydrocarbons (HCs) da kashi 80% na ƙwarai. A lokaci guda, waɗannan sabbin injunan suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar injunan hydrogen saboda halaye iri ɗaya da ƙimar makamashin biyu. Adadin motocin BMW masu amfani da iskar gas ya kai raka'a 2000 nan da shekarar 842.

A shekara ta 2001, BMW ya inganta fasahar VANOS don canjin lokaci na bawul - zamanin VALVETRONIC yana zuwa. A cikin wannan fasaha, wanda har yanzu ya kasance na musamman, babu jikin carburetor. Tare da injin silinda huɗu na BMW 316ti, wannan yana nufin ƙarin aiki tare da ƙarancin man fetur, musamman lokacin da ake yin mai, rage yawan mai da kashi 12% mai mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar da ta gabata. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodin wannan fasaha shine ana iya amfani da ita a duk duniya ba tare da buƙatun ingancin man fetur musamman ba. Daga baya, BMW ya gabatar da VALTRONIC a cikin wasu injinan mai, gami da injin silinda huɗu na ƙirar. MINI ya gabatar a cikin 2006

BMW EfficientDynamics – kadara mai daraja

BMungiyar BMW tana nasarar faɗaɗawa da zurfafa ci gabanta don samun haɓaka mafi haɓaka haɗe tare da kiyayewa da haɓaka haɓakar motsa jiki ta hanyar cikakkiyar manufar BMW EfficientDynamics. Technologies da ayyuka kamar su birki sabunta makamashi, farawa ta atomatik / adanawa, alamar nuna motsi, tsarin taimakon direba akan buƙata, ƙirar haske mai hankali da ƙwarewar iska mai inganci sune daidaito akan duk sabbin samfuran da suka dace. A bin ƙa'idar BMW EfficientDynamics, kowane sabon tsari ya zarce wanda ya gabace shi dangane da rage yawan mai da ingantaccen yanayi.

Kididdigar da Hukumar kera motoci ta Jamus ta tattara ba wai kawai ta nuna fifikon BMW EfficientDynamics a kan kwatankwacin fasahar da sauran kamfanonin kera kere-kere suka aiwatar ba, har ma da nuna fifikon kamfanin BMW a duk duniya. Sabbin samfuran BMW da MINI da aka yiwa rijista a cikin Jamus suna da matsakaicin amfani da mai na kilomita 5.9 l / 100 da kuma hayaƙin CO2 na giram 158 a kowace kilomita. Duk waɗannan adadi sun yi ƙasa da matsakaita na duk sababbin motocin da aka yi wa rajista a cikin Jamus a cikin 2008, wanda ya ke gram 165 a kowace kilomita. A matakin EU, nau'ikan BMW da MINI suna cin nasarar tattalin arziƙin mai da matakan watsi da hayaƙin CO2 ƙasa da matsakaicin matsakaicin masana'antar kera motoci ta Turai. Tsakanin 1995 da ƙarshen 2008, BMungiyar BMW ta rage yawan amfani da mai na motocin da aka sayar a Turai da fiye da 25%, don haka cika theungiyar BMW ga theungiyar Manufwararrun Motocin Yammacin Turai (ACEA). ).

A cikin iyakokin ƙididdiga, BMW ko MINI suna cin mai ƙarancin mai fiye da matsakaita ga duk sababbin motocin da aka yiwa rijista a Jamus. Dangane da yawan amfani da jirginta, wanda hukumomin kera motoci na Jamus suka iyakance, BMungiyar BMW kuma ta wuce har ma da manyan masana'antun Turai kuma saboda haka suna daidai da yawancin masana'antun da ke mai da hankali kan ƙananan motoci a yankinsu.

Rubutu: Vladimir Kolev